Es común que los jóvenes crean que tomándose una o dos bebidas energéticas van a aguantar sin problemas una noche de fiesta, incluso sin cruda. Lo cierto es que esta clase de bebidas enlatadas no son jugos de mango, de piña o de cereza; son un cóctel de ingredientes donde sobresalen sustancias como la cafeína, de ahí que sean inhibidoras del sueño o el cansancio.
El éxito comercial de estos productos ha generado la aparición de una gran variedad de marcas, casi todas elaboradas con las mismas sustancias, pero los fabricantes poco o nada dicen de los efectos secundarios que pueden provocar en la salud de los consumidores.
Lo que tienes que saber de las bebidas energéticas
Estas bebidas pueden prometer un impulso de energía, pero los expertos están cada vez más preocupados de que el coctel de ingredientes que contienen puedan tener riesgos involuntarios para la salud, advirtió recientemente un despacho de la cadena CNN citando a expertos en salud.
En los países de América Latina existe mucha indiferencia en torno al tema, pero en Estados Unidos, donde inventaron estas bebidas para un segmento de mercado muy codiciado, están estudiando a fondo los impactos que tienen los productos en los consumidores.
La asociación Journal of American Heart encontró que las bebidas energéticas con cafeína alteraban la actividad eléctrica del corazón y aumentaban la presión arterial. Si bien en personas saludables el efecto de los cambios eléctricos no parecen ser muy alarmantes, el riesgo existe. En la práctica, estos cambios eléctricos dan la señal a las cámaras del corazón para que se contraigan y relajen, una vez ingerida la bebida.
El peligro parece ser más evidente en consumidores con algún tipo de medicamento, tal como descubrió el científico Sachin Shah, profesor de la Universidad del Pacífico. “Las personas que toman ciertos medicamentos o tienen un tipo específico de afección cardíaca podrían tener un mayor riesgo de arritmia fatal o latidos irregulares. A diferencia de los medicamentos, a los suplementos y productos de consumo no necesariamente se les hacen pruebas de seguridad”, advirtió Shah.
A favor y en contra
Como era de esperarse, ante este debate la Asociación Estadounidense de Bebidas salió en defensa de los fabricantes, al manifestar que muchos de los ingredientes que contienen las bebidas también se encuentran en alimentos comunes y que éstas se han estudiado rigurosamente para garantizar su seguridad.
Contra esta posición se pronunció la Organización Mundial de la Salud, al denunciar que las bebidas energéticas “pueden representar un peligro para la salud pública”. También la Academia Estadounidense de Pediatría señaló que “los niños no deben consumir estas bebidas”.
La cafeína, el foco rojo
La pregunta obligada es: ¿qué es exactamente lo que tienen estas bebidas y cómo impactan en el cuerpo? La mayoría de las bebidas energéticas suelen contener grandes cantidades de cafeína, azúcares añadidos, vitaminas como la vitamina B; y estimulantes legales, como la guaraná, una planta que crece en el Amazonas; taurina, un aminoácido que se encuentra naturalmente en la carne y el pescado; y L-carnitina, una sustancia en nuestros cuerpos que ayuda a convertir la grasa en energía.
En general, la preocupación es que estas vitaminas, aminoácidos y hierbas, a menudo se encuentran en concentraciones más altas que en los alimentos o las plantas de manera natural, y los efectos cuando se combinan especialmente con cafeína pueden aumentar, según el reporte de CNN.
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