En el segundo trimestre de gestación, los fetos pueden detectar la luz, pero no imágenes, como se pensaba hasta hace apenas unos meses. Investigadores han hablado del tema y confirman esta teoría: se creía que las células sensibles a la luz en la retina en desarrollo eran simples interruptores de encendido y apagado, que ayudaban a diferenciar el día de la noche del bebé.
Sin embargo, un estudio realizado por la Universidad de California, Berkeley, ha encontrado evidencia de que estas células simples realmente se comunican entre sí como parte de una red interconectada lo que le da a la retina de los bebés más sensibilidad a la luz de lo que se pensaba.
En el ojo en desarrollo, quizás el 3% de las células ganglionares, las células de la retina que envían mensajes a través del nervio óptico al cerebro, son sensibles a la luz y, hasta la fecha, los investigadores han encontrado seis subtipos diferentes que se comunican con varios lugares en el cerebro. Algunos hablan con el núcleo supraquiasmático para ajustar nuestro reloj interno al ciclo día-noche. Otros envían señales al área que hace que nuestras pupilas se contraigan con luz brillante.
Pero otros se conectan a áreas sorprendentes: la perihabenula, que regula el estado de ánimo, y la amígdala, que se ocupa de las emociones.
En ratones y monos, la evidencia reciente sugiere que estas células ganglionares también se comunican entre sí a través de conexiones eléctricas llamadas uniones huecas, lo que implica mucha más complejidad en los ojos inmaduros de roedores y primates de lo que se imaginaba.
“Dada la variedad de estas células ganglionares y que se proyectan a muchas partes diferentes del cerebro, me pregunto si desempeñan un papel en cómo la retina se conecta con el cerebro”, dijo Marla Feller, profesora de UC molecular de Berkeley. y biología celular y autor principal de un artículo que apareció este mes en la revista Current Biology . “Tal vez no para los circuitos visuales, sino para los comportamientos no visuales. No solo el reflejo pupilar de luz y los ritmos circadianos, sino posiblemente explicando problemas como las migrañas inducidas por la luz, o por qué la fototerapia funciona para la depresión”.
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