El egoísmo, el maquiavelismo, el narcisismo, la psicopatía, el sadismo, el rencor y otros más, son algunos de los rasgos que representan el lado oscuro de la personalidad humana. Como muestra de un proyecto de investigación alemán-danés publicado recientemente, estos rasgos comparten un “núcleo oscuro” en común. Es importante saber identificar la tendencia y es muy probable que si tienes una de estas personalidades, tengas más de las otras.
En el mundo han pasado un sinfín de personalidades, que sin duda han actuado de forma despiadada, maliciosa o egoísta. En la psicología, así como en el lenguaje cotidiano, tenemos diversos nombres para las diversas tendencias oscuras que puede tener un ser humano, principalmente en la psicopatía (falta de empatía), el narcisismo (autoabsorción excesiva) y el maquiavelismo (la creencia de que los fines justifican los medios), la llamada “triada oscura”, junto con muchos otros, como el egoísmo, el sadismo o el rencor.
Aunque a primera vista parece haber diferencias notables entre estos rasgos, y puede parecer más “aceptable” ser un egoísta que un psicópata, una nueva investigación muestra que todos los aspectos oscuros de la personalidad humana están estrechamente vinculados y se basan en la misma tendencia.
Es decir, la mayoría de los rasgos oscuros pueden entenderse como manifestaciones con sabor de una única disposición subyacente común: el núcleo oscuro de la personalidad. En la práctica, esto implica que si tiene una tendencia a mostrar uno de estos rasgos oscuros de personalidad, también es más probable que tenga una fuerte tendencia a mostrar uno o más de los otros.
El denominador común de todos los rasgos oscuros (el factor D) puede definirse como la tendencia general a maximizar la utilidad individual, ignorando, aceptado o provocando maliciosamente, acompañados de creencias que sirven como justificación. Por supuesto que esto lastima a los demás.
La investigación muestra que los rasgos oscuros en general pueden entenderse como ejemplos de este núcleo común, aunque pueden diferir en qué aspectos predominan (p. Ej. el aspecto de justificaciones es muy fuerte en el narcisismo, mientras que el aspecto de la maldad de provocación malévola es la principal rasgo del sadismo).
Profesores de psicología en la Universidad de Copenhage y la Universidad de ULM, han demostrada como este denominador común está presente en nueve oscuro rasgos estudiados de la personalidad:
- Egoísmo: una preocupación excesiva con la propia ventaja a expensas de los demás y de la comunidad.
- Maquiavelismo: una actitud manipuladora, insensible y la creencia de que el fin justifica los medios.
- Desvinculación moral: estilo de procesamiento cognitivo que permite comportarse de manera poco ética sin sentir angustia.
- Narcisismo: autoabsorción excesiva, sensación de superioridad y extrema necesidad de atención por parte de los demás.
- Derecho psicológico: una creencia recurrente de que uno es mejor que otros y merece un mejor tratamiento
- Psicopatía: falta de empatía y autocontrol, combinada con comportamiento impulsivo.
- Sadismo: el deseo de infligir daño mental o físico a otros por placer propio o para beneficiarse a uno mismo
- Interés propio: el deseo de promover y resaltar el estado social y financiero propio.
- Arrepentimiento: destructividad y voluntad de causar daño a los demás, incluso si uno se hace daño a sí mismo en el proceso.
“Los aspectos oscuros de la personalidad humana también tienen un denominador común, lo que significa que, de manera similar a la inteligencia, se puede decir que todos son una expresión de la misma tendencia disposicional”, explican investigadores del estudio.
“Por ejemplo, en una persona dada, el factor D puede manifestarse principalmente como narcisismo, psicopatía o uno de los otros rasgos oscuros, o una combinación de estos. Pero con nuestro mapeo del denominador común de los diversos rasgos oscuros de la personalidad, uno puede simplemente determinar que la persona tiene un alto factor D. Esto se debe a que el factor D indica la probabilidad de que una persona se involucre en un comportamiento asociado con uno o más de estos rasgos oscuros”, dice.
En la práctica, esto significa que una persona que muestra un comportamiento malévolo particular (como gustar de humillar a otros) también tendrá una mayor probabilidad de participar en otras actividades malévolas (como hacer trampa, mentir o robar).
Los nueve rasgos oscuros no son en absoluto los mismos, y cada uno puede dar como resultado tipos específicos de comportamiento. Sin embargo, en su esencia, los rasgos oscuros típicamente tienen mucho más en común que realmente los diferencia. Y el conocimiento sobre este ‘núcleo oscuro’ puede desempeñar un papel crucial para los investigadores o terapeutas que trabajan con personas con rasgos de personalidad oscuros específicos, ya que es este factor D el que afecta a diferentes tipos de comportamientos y acciones humanas imprudentes y maliciosas, que a menudo se informan en los medios de comunicación.
‘Lo vemos, por ejemplo, en casos de violencia extrema, o violación de las reglas, mentiras y engaños en los sectores corporativos o públicos. En este caso, el conocimiento sobre el factor D de una persona puede ser una herramienta útil, por ejemplo, para evaluar la probabilidad de que la persona reincida o se involucre en un comportamiento más perjudicial “.






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