Este es el trastorno que te hace sentir mal y no tiene explicación médica

El trastorno de somatización son molestias físicas que ocasionan malestar, pero no tienen características clínicas que permitan justificar una causa orgánica.

Seguramente conoces a alguien que suele “inventarse” enfermedades físicas, dolores o malestares de diversa naturaleza, mismos que para los médicos no tienen un origen físico identificable

Dichos síntomas, que además son recurrentes e inexplicables, interfieren negativamente en la vida social, laboral e incluso personal de las personas, a quienes se les diagnostica este tipo de síntomas como Trastorno de Somatización.

No debemos confundir este estado con la Hipocondría, que se asocia con malestares físicos específicos y que más bien responden a un miedo oculto de padecer algunas enfermedades.

Como sea, hoy se sabe que alrededor del 25% de todas las patologías conocidas tiene una base u origen psicosomático, es decir, están producidas por factores psicológicos que crean una dificultad en el paciente para exteriorizar los problemas psicológicos, lo que deriva en trastornos biológicos o físicos.

Hasta donde se sabe, el origen de la somatización se debe a la presencia de altos grados de ansiedad, que pueden ser ocasionados por un alto nivel de estrés o por problemas emocionales más o menos importantes. Como muchas enfermedades, estos padecimientos provocan angustia e incapacitan a la persona para funcionar normalmente.

Pero no todo es un “invento” de la mente. La Ciencia ha documentado que, aunque el trastorno se relaciona principalmente con la regulación emocional y no con el área del cuerpo que se ha vuelto el centro de atención del sujeto, los síntomas son reales y la persona no tiene control consciente sobre ellos.

Los síntomas

Cuando alguien padece un Trastorno de Somatización, sufre dolencias y síntomas desagradables durante mucho tiempo, incluso años, que afectan diversas áreas del cuerpo. Por ejemplo, dicha persona podría tener dolor abdominal, dolores de cabeza, molestias en el pecho (como opresión o palpitaciones), molestias musculares, articulares e incluso en las vías urinarias. Las mujeres suelen presentar periodos menstruales dolorosos e irregulares, mientras que los hombres podrían padecer disfunción eréctil (impotencia sexual).

En casos así, es cuando los pacientes caen en la “invención” de los síntomas, aunque más bien los describen en términos imprecisos, pero muy dramáticos y emocionales.

Es común que no se sientan satisfechos con el primer diagnóstico, por lo que buscan una “segunda opinión”, y a veces hasta tres o más, acudiendo a diferentes especialistas. También se quejan de que los exámenes médicos no logran identificar ni solucionar sus problemas.

Los médicos aconsejan no tomar las cosas a la ligera y tener cuidado en la valoración, es decir no descartar las patologías rápidamente. Es que si un paciente padece un Trastorno de Somatización, eso no significa que no pueda sufrir paralelamente otra enfermedad médica diagnosticable.

Señales de alerta

1. Una persona con Trastorno de Somatización puede sufrir ansiedad y depresión. Quien lo padece puede sentirse inútil y, en casos extremos, intentar suicidarse.

2. No es extraño que tienda a consumir alcohol o drogas, incluidos los psicofármacos.

3. El paciente se muestra muy dependiente en sus relaciones sociales, pide continuamente apoyo emocional y puede irritarse con facilidad cuando siente que no recibe atención suficiente.

4. Puede ser catalogado como alguien con afán de protagonismo y manipulador.

5. Manifiestan sus síntomas somáticos como una llamada de atención para solicitar ayuda emocional.

6. Su comportamiento puede tener otros propósitos ocultos, como evadir las responsabilidades de la vida; impedir involucrarse en trabajos más demandantes u oportunidades de crecimiento importantes; unificar una familia dividida, debido a que los miembros del grupo se organizan en torno al “enfermo” para olvidar otros conflictos o problemas, entre otros.

7. Las personas con Somatización no son capaces de darse cuenta que su problema es básicamente psicológico; por ello presionan a los médicos para ser sometidos a múltiples tratamientos.

8. Los neurocientíficos recomiendan que el médico evite a toda costa quitarle importancia a su sintomatología, con frases como “lo suyo son sólo nervios” o “usted no tiene nada”, pues entonces el paciente se quejará por desatención y abandonará la terapia.

9. Cuando estas personas toman un medicamento antidepresivo o ansiolítico, pueden sentir un gran alivio de sus síntomas físicos. Pero se recomienda acudir a la psicoterapia, ya que puede ayudar a manejar el malestar físico crónico y a entender cómo tratar el trastorno.

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