Para ayudar a un mitómano debes de saber que es. La mitomanía no solo se trata de decir mentiras, como muchos creen. Los psicólogos y estudiosos del comportamiento saben que mentir es algo muy propio de los seres humanos, aunque en ocasiones se caiga en la deshonestidad para conseguir ciertos fines.
A esa conclusión ha llegado Isabel Rovira Salvador, profesional española de la Psicología por la Universidad de Valencia, quien sin embargo alerta que cuando mentir se convierte en necesidad y la mentira envuelve todos los aspectos de la vida de la persona, es posible que ésta sufra de mitomanía, un trastorno psicológico en el que la persona miente de manera permanente acerca de su vida.
¿Qué hace un mitómano?
Entonces, ¿qué es la mitomanía y por qué deben alertarnos sus síntomas? A este trastorno también se le conoce como “mentira patológica” o “pseudología fantástica”. Se descubrió por primera vez en 1891 por el psiquiatra suizo Anton Delbrück. Es aceptado por la ciencia que se trata de “una afección” padecida por aquellas personas que mienten de manera constante y repetitiva, con el objetivo de conseguir la atención y la admiración de los demás.
El mitómano falsifica o altera frecuentemente los hechos reales y en la mayoría de los casos es consciente de ello. Lo hacen porque buscan “fascinar” o “impresionar” a otras personas,afirmando que su vida es toda una aventura emocionante y digna de ser reconocida. Llegan al extremo de que, de pronto, ellos mismos se creen sus propias invenciones y las toman como reales.
Sin embargo, como es fácil suponer, en el fondo saben que su realidad y sus vidas son muy diferentes, y consideran su existencia tediosa, desagradable o desgraciada.
Héroes de mentira
La psicóloga Rovira dice que la característica principal de las mentiras propias de la mitomanía es que siempre tienden a ser fascinantes y quiméricas. Sin embargo, nunca llegan a ser imposibles o son demasiado fantásticas, por lo que resulta realmente complicado identificar que la persona está mintiendo.
Está claro que el mitómano siempre tiende a ser el héroe o protagonista de sus propias mentiras, ya que su principal motivación es deslumbrar a otras personas y conseguir así fama, admiración y hasta fortuna.
Quién es mitómano
Aunque no está del todo comprobado, diferentes investigaciones apuntan a que la mitomanía tiene una mayor incidencia en hombres que en mujeres. Entre las principales características de la personalidad de estas personas se encontraría una baja autoestima, el narcisismo, pocas o nulas habilidades sociales y tendencia a desconfiar de otras personas.
Algunos estudiosos consideran que la mitomanía es un tipo de adicción, por lo que comparte una serie de rasgos y síntomas comunes con otras adicciones. Algunos síntomas son:
Incapacidad de resistir el impulso de mentir; disminución de la presión psicológica cuando se miente y no se es descubierto; tendencia a magnificar la realidad; mostrar una baja autoestima; experimentar numerosos episodios de ansiedad, como resultado de la comparación de sus vidas con lo que les gustaría que fuera en realidad; sensación constante de estrés, por el miedo a ser descubiertos.
¿Cómo ayudar a un mitómano?
Aunque todavía no se ha determinado la causa exacta que origina la mitomanía, existen explicaciones neuropsicológicas que la atribuyen a un desequilibrio neuronal en la zona del lóbulo frontal, así como a una mayor cantidad de materia blanca en el cerebro.
Otros psicólogos prefieren creer que la causa de esta afección se encuentra en un conjunto de rasgos de personalidad, que facilitan que la persona sienta la necesidad de mentir para llamar la atención, o con la finalidad de buscar la popularidad o el afecto de otras personas.
El tratamiento para ayudar a un mitómano no es fácil. Por supuesto, es clave el apoyo y la comprensión de la familia, pero en los casos en los que pueda iniciarse un tratamiento directo, se recomienda conseguir el compromiso de la persona y asegurar su disposición a colaborar; de lo contrario la terapia no tendrá ningún tipo de efecto sobre él.
Existen diferentes medios o técnicas para tratar la mitomanía. Algunas opciones son: terapia cognitiva o cognitivo-conductual, entrenamiento en habilidades sociales y técnicas de comunicación, y farmacoterapia con ansiolíticos.
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